(Teenage dating tips) What Does “Ghazal” Mean?

March 5th, 2010 admin Posted in relationships |

By Rhett Downs

Ghazal ! The word originates from arabic, meaning, “way or mannerism of talking to or talking about women.” Thus in fact it s an expression of love! But in this ever changing world the ghazal has become a reflection of the life around us, and now there is hardly any sphere of human interaction which the ghazal hasn’t touched.

To better understand the finer nuances of Urdu ghazal it is imperative to understand the structure around which a ghazal is woven!

Classical Definition of Ghazal

Briefly stated Ghazal is a collection of Sher’s which follow the rules of ‘Matla’, ‘Maqta’, ‘Beher’, ‘Kaafiyaa’ and ‘Radif’. So to know what Ghazal is, it’s necessary to know what these terms mean.

To understand these terms easily , we will take an example.

1. koi ummid bar nahin aati

koi surat nazar nahin aati.

2. aage aati thi haale dil par hasi

ab kisi baat par nahin aati

3. hum wahan hain, jahan se humko bhi

kucch hamaari khabar nahin aati

4. kaabaa kis muh se jaaoge ‘Ghalib’

sharm tumko magar nahin aati

What is a Sher ?

It’s a poem of two lines. This definition is deceptively simple. Please note that, every Sher is a poem in itself ! A Sher does not need, anything around it, to convey the message. All the 4 stanzas in our example are independent poems, Sher’s.

So Ghazal is necessarily a collection of two-line-poems called Sher. So the Rafi solo “rang aur noor ki baaraat kise pesh karu” is NOT a Ghazal, as every stanza is of 3 lines, and not 2.

What are other restrictions ? Many, and important ones.

Any collection of Sher’s is not Ghazal. Some good examples are ; the famous Mukesh song from Yehoodi, “yeh mera deewaanaapan hai” ; and the title song of “dil apana aur preet parayi”. Each stanza in these songs can be considered as an independent Sher, but they are NOT Ghazal’s. To understand, why, we have to wait till ‘Kaafiyaa, ‘Radif’.

What is ‘Beher’ ?

‘Beher’ is the ‘meter’ of the Sher’s. It can be considered as the length of the Sher. Both the lines in the Sher *MUST* be of same ‘Beher’. And all the Sher’s in one Ghazal *MUST* be of the same ‘Beher’. There are 19 (!!) kinds of ‘Beher’. But in simple terms, ‘Beher’ is categorized in 3 classes. Short, medium, long.

Small :

ahale dairo-haram reh gaye

tere deewane kam reh gaye

Also Talat song, “dil-e-nadan tuze hua kya hai”

Medium :

umr jalwo me basar ho, ye zaruri to nahin

har shab-e-gam ki seher ho, ye zaruri to nahin

And by Gulzar, “ruke ruke se kadam, ruk ke baar baar chale”

Long :

ai mere humnashin, chal kahin aur chal, is chaman me ab apanaa guzaaraa nahin

baat hoti gulon ki, to seh lete hum, ab to kaaton pe bhi haq hamaaraa nahin

The filmfare winner, “Manzile apani jagah hai” !! Yes ! It IS a Ghazal. And the Shayar is Prakash Mehra !! surprise , surprise !!

So Ghazal is a collection of Sher’s of SAME ‘Beher’.

What is ‘Radif’ ?

In a Ghazal, second line of all the Sher’s MUST end with the SAME word/s. This repeating common words is the Radif’ of the Ghazal. In our example, the ‘Radif’ is “nahin aati”. Sometimes, the Ghazal becomes known by its ‘Radif’. eg. “jaraa aahista chal” sung by Pankaj Udhas. On RMIM we all know one Ghazal by the ‘Radif’ as “aahista aahista”, don’t we ? or is it 2 or 3 ?

What is ‘Kaafiyaa’ ?

‘Kaafiyaa’ is the rhyming pattern which all the words before ‘Radif’ MUST have. In our example the ‘Kaafiyaa’ is “bar”, “nazar”, “par”, “magar” etc. This is a necessary requirement. Something which is followed even in the exceptions to all these rules.

So Ghazal is a collection of Sher’s of same ‘Beher’, ending in same ‘Radif’ and having same ‘Kaafiyaa’. That’s the reason, why “yeh mera diwanapan hai” etc. are NOT Ghazals. There is no common thing which can be called ‘Kaafiyaa’ and ‘Radif’.

What is ‘Matla’ ?

The first Sher in the Ghazal *MUST* have ‘Radif’ in its both lines. This Sher is called ‘Matla’ of the Ghazal and the Ghazal is usually known after its ‘Matla’. There can be more than one ‘Matla’ in a Ghazal. In such a case the second one is called ‘Matla-e-saani’ or ‘Husn-e-matla’. In our example, the first Sher is the ‘Matla’.

What is ‘Maqta’ ?

A Shayar usually has an alias ie. ‘takhallus’ eg. Mirza Asadullakhan used ‘Ghalib’ as his ‘takhallus’ and is known by that. Other examples are ‘Daag’ Dehlvi, ‘Mir’ Taqi Mir, Said ‘Rahi’, Ahmed ‘Faraz’ etc. There is a Sher in a Ghazal, the last one, which has the Shayar’s ‘takhallus’ in it. A Shayar, can use the ‘Maqta’ very intelligently. He can “talk to himself” like one in our example. I have lots of favourite Sher’s which are ‘Maqta’ of some Ghazal. Some gems are

koi nam-o-nishan puchhe to ai kaasid bataa denaa,

takhallus ‘Daag’ hai, aur aahiqon ke dil me rehte hai

and

jab bhi milte hain, to kehte hain, “kaise ho ‘Shakil’”,

iske aage to koi baat nahin hoti hai

The first one uses the meaning of the ‘takhallus’ to create the magic, and the second one is just simple, simply beautiful.

To summarize, Ghazal is a collection of Sher’s (independent two-line poems), in which there is atleast one ‘Matla’, one ‘Maqta’ and all the Sher’s are of same ‘Beher’ and have the same ‘Kaafiyaa’ and ‘Radif’

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How Accurate Are Criminal Records?

By Rhett Downs

Those who think that getting information on a person with a criminal record is as easy as picking up a phone and making a call may find this article an eye opener. It isn’t that you can’t get the information. The problem is that part or all of the information itself may not be available or even recorded.

In 2001, states maintained criminal records for over 64 million people, but upon investigation it was determined that many of these records had reduced usefulness because the records themselves were missing important information regarding the arrest or conviction. The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) in conducting surveys, discovered that a large proportion of criminal records lack what is called a final disposition. It is this final disposition that indicates the final outcome of the arrest.

There is a process in place that creates a criminal history record. In this process you have the arresting agency, the prosecutor, the court, and the correctional authority. Any one of these can provide the final disposition as each arrest can end with a different disposition.

To give examples we have the following:

A person is arrested on suspicion of murder. A few days later before a trial date can be set, the real murderer is apprehended. The final disposition in this case is that the arresting agency, in most cases the police, releases the suspect. This would be the final disposition of this particular case.

Let’s take this one step further. The person is arrested for the same crime and goes to trial. In the trial the person is found not guilty. The final disposition in this case would be the court releasing the defendant.

In the case of a person who is actually convicted of a crime, the final disposition is with the correctional facility, either in recording that the person has done his time and was released on a given date, or in the case of life without parole, this is then noted.

The problem with the system, is that all of these final dispositions are recorded in different state agencies and while all the information should be contained in the person’s overall record, what is too often found is that the agency responsible for the disposition does not forward the information to the central record keeping location, in most cases the hall of records of the city or town.

In surveys that were conducted it was estimated that about 46% of state agencies did not have complete disposition records on criminal history. This is a staggering figure when you consider how many arrests there are each year. When surveyed, state agencies reported that state prosecutors only forward 86% of their dispositions to the proper agency. When asked why, their response was that it was another agency’s responsibility to forward the info.

Most of the problem with the system itself is in delays; the delay to get a speedy trial, the length of trials themselves and the time spent in correctional facilities. With all that is involved in a criminal record from arrest to sentencing it is no wonder that things fall through the cracks. Plus, prosecutors are less likely to report a misdemeanour than a felony because of the paperwork and time involved.

One thing the survey didn’t ask is what each agency felt was the solution to this problem. Maybe that was the first question they should have asked.

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